Barley is a plant poàcia. This species diploid autopolar • linitzadora equipped with fourteen chromosomes. The wild ancestor of barley, domesticated , Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum, is abundant in grasslands and forests around theFertile Crescent, and is abundant in disturbed habitats , the sides of roads and paths and gardens.  Outside this region, wild barley is rare and usually found in disturbed habitats.

Barley, like other poàciesGoshen, ie new shoots that will emit more spikes

The root of the plant is fasciculada and barley can be identified primary and secondary roots.  The primary roots are formed by the growth of radicle and disappear into the stem.  The root reaches shallow compared to other cereals. It is estimated that 60% of this weight is in the first 25 centimeters of soil and roots rarely exceed120 cmdeep.  

The stalk of barley is a rod blank that has seven to eight entrenusos, separated by the respective nodes. The entrenusos are longer as the stem grows from the basal region.  The number of stems on each plant is variable and each ending in a spike.

The leaves are shaped by the sheath and the basal lamina, which are linked to the ligule and have two membranous extensions called atria. The leaves are inserted in the knot for a necklace or stem pulvinus, a bump at the base of the leaf.

His ear is the inflorescence of the plant is considered an extension of the stem, which is similar to other plants grasses, has reduced perianth.  The protective role is played by glumel • les and shovels.

The seed of barley is afusada shape, thicker in the center and decreasing towards the end.  The husk of the barley (in the type suits), the grain protects against predators and is useful in the process of malt and beer.  Represents 13% of the weight of the grain and varies depending on the variety of grain and latitude of planting.

Barley is mainly represented by two species cultivated: Distichon Hordeum L., used for the production of beer , and Hordeum L. hexastichon, which is used as fodder for animal feed, both species be grouped under the name Hordeum vulgare L.  ssp.  vulgare, which are grouped the L. Hordeum spontaneum, wild barley.

In two ranks (Hordeum L. Distichon) espiguetes the side are sterile and do so in the ears from its apex observed two rows of large, corresponding to the one that has been espigueta each level of the spine, on one side and the other.

In the six rows of baited (Hordeum hexastichon L.), with all espiguetes fertile , there are three at each level of the spine and the section of the ear can distinguish light from the top six rows of grains.  Sometimes, depending on the arrangement of grains, the barley may seem baited six rows of four ranks.

The shape of the grain can distinguish between two rows of baited baited six ranks.  The two rows are all great symmetrical and the main variation in size is among the largest in the middle of the ear and the ends.  In barley ranks third of six children are symmetric (corresponding to the middle of each level of the spine) and the rest are recorbats and smaller, the large symmetrical six ranks are slightly compressed laterally, while the two ranks are wider and rounded.

Barley was one of the first crops to be domesticated in theMiddle East, while the einkorn and Pisana mate. The geographical distribution of wild barley (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum) s’ extends from North Africa and Crete in the west toTibetin the east. The earliest evidence of wild barley in the context archaeological lie in the Epipalaeolithic and come from Ohalo II, a archaeological site located at the southern end ofLake Tiberias.  The remains were dated approximately 17,000 BC.  The oldest domestic barley fields shown in Neolithic aceràmics the Middle East, for example, the layers of the preceramic Neolithic B of Tell Abu Hureyra inSyria.  The barley was grown in the Korean peninsula since the early period of the ceramic Mumuni (ca. 1500-850 BC), along with other crops such as millet, the grain or vegetables.  

In his book won a Pulitzer Prize Guns, brother, and Steel , Jared Diamond argues that the availability of barley along with other crops and animals domesticated in south-west of Eurasia , has contributed significantly to the patterns general historical human history that has followed over approximately the last 13,000 years: for example, why Eurasian civilizations, in general, have survived and conquered others, trying to refute the belief that Eurasian hegemony is due to any kind of intellectual superiority, moral or inherent genetic Eurasian.

The beer was probably the first barley drink produced by Neolithic humans. Later barley was used as currency. Along with twin Pisana , barley was one of the basic cereal of the ancientEgypt, where he is used to make bread and beer. The general name for barley is jt (hypothetically pronounced “IIT”), Sma (hypothetically pronounced “xii-ma”) refers to the barley in the Upper Egypt and is a symbol ofUpper Egypt. The term isSumerisAkita. According to Deuteronomy 8:8, barley is one of the ” Seven Species “of crops that characterize the fertility of the Promised Land of Canaan , and barley has a prominent role in the sacrifices of Israel described in the Pentateuch (eg. , Numbers 5:15). The importance of religion spread to the Middle Ages inEurope, and barley are used in the justice by the alfitomància or corsned Anglo-Saxon.

Among the group of cereals, both cultivated and wild, belonging to the genus Triticum, There are a number of the seed which is used as food .

The word “corn” refers both to the ground as its edible seeds. They are annual plants, widely grown around the world.

With its flour mixed with water and fermented in temperature is raised bread.  It is also a raw material of some kinds of beer .

Wheat is one of the three most widely produced globally, along with corn and rice, and most widely consumed by humans in Western civilization since ancient times, has been based food peoples of the Middle East and Europe .  The grain of wheat is used to make flour, wholemeal flour, semolina, beer and a variety of food products.

The word “corn” has the same origin as the Occitan wheat, wheat French, Welsh and Breton blawd bleud, which both refer to the grain as flour, recalling that the activity should be to separate the wheat from the shell that covers.  The Latin term meaning Triticum therefore “(grain) that is necessary to beat (to be consumed)”; as millet milium derived from the Latin, meaning “ground, molturar”, ie “(grain) to be ground (to be used). “  Wheat (Triticum) is therefore one of the most ancient words with which cereals are called and referred to the need for the crushing or grinding.

Its cultivation extends from subtropical climates like that ofEgypt(cultivation of cold season), which is harvested during the month of April, until the warm-cold asSiberia, where it is harvested in September.

The water needs of growing wheat are relatively modest (500 liters per ton of dry matter) and can be grown with annual rainfall between 300 and 800 liters, but has a critical period, a month before the spike, which not lack water.

The hot and dry summer places are suitable for varieties of Triticum durum grain hard.  In cold winter areas such asRussiaand the northernUnited StatesorCanadaare seeded in the spring varieties of soft grain.

Maize has its origins in ancientMesopotamia. The oldest archaeological evidence of wheat was coming fromSyria,Jordan,TurkeyandIraq. Ago to around 8,000 years, a mutation or hybridization occurred in the wild wheat, resulting in a plant with larger seeds, which could not have spread with the wind.  There are findings of charred remains of grains of wheat starch (Triticum dicoccoides) and signs of children in clay at Jarmo, on theIraqnorth, dating from the year 6700 BC. 

The wheat was grown on the initiative of humans produced more food in the wild, this caused a revolution in agricultural calledFertile Crescent. Simultaneously, he developed the domestication of the sheep and goat , wild species that inhabited the region, which allowed the settlement of the population and thus, the formation of complex human communities, as shown also the emergence of the writing .

Agriculture and livestock in the beginning required a continuing care, which triggered an awareness of the weather and the seasons, forcing companies to keep these small allowances for periods less generous, considering the benefits which gives the grain of wheat in ease of storage for quite long periods.

The seed corn was introduced to the civilization of the ancientEgyptand began its cultivation in the valley of theNilealready in the beginning, since this area was extended to Greek and Roman civilizations.  The Greek goddess of grain and the agriculture was called Demeter , whose name means ‘lady’, and Latin derivation became Ceres and here comes the word “cereal”.

InRome, the government ensured the maintenance of the public without providing economic opportunities to low wheat prices and regulating the milling and bread making, as was common practice their ration.  The milling and baking activities were carried out jointly, so that was designed in ancientRomemills – furnaces with high production capacity.

The consumption of wheat and bread in the Roman Empire was a major cover also confirmed in the Bible , because according to the most accurate translations you can count on the text 40 times the word “wheat” 264 times the word “bread” and 17 times the word “bread”, the latter meanings that can refer to bread wheat or barley bread (as was common at that time), although in the Biblical citations are often used to refer to the broader concept of all things required for life, as in the phrase “win the bread.”  In the parable of the sower is referred to the adulteration of large, facing the wheat (goodness) with the weeds (evil).

Until the seventeenth century there were no major advances in methods of cultivation and processing of corn.  In almost allEuropewas grown on wheat, although in some regions was preferred rye and barley (especially in the north).  The invention of the windmill generated a new energy source, but the rest did not change the working methods used.

In the late eighteenth century there were some developments in the mechanical process of Molina Aventis, forklifts and modern methods for transmission of force, which was to increase production of flour.

In the nineteenth century listed mill with steam rollers or cylinders of iron represented a radical change in the ground.  The cultivation of wheat was increased at par with these and many other technological developments that led to improved plant performance and to various parts of the world as North America andOceania.

The world’s largest producer of wheat was for many years theSoviet Union, which exceeded 100 million tons of annual production. Chinacurrently represents the largest production of this cereal with 96 million tonnes (16%), followed byIndia(12%) and theUnited States(9%).

Wheat is grown in environments with the following characteristics:

•     Climate: Temperature minimum 3 and maximum30 ° Cto33 ° C, with an optimum temperature between 10 and25 ° C

•     Humidity: requires a relative humidity between 40 and 70%, from slim to harvest is the time that has higher requirements in this respect, as it requires a relative humidity between 50 and 60% and a dry climate for their maturation.

•     Water has a low water requirements, as can be grown in areas where precipitation falls between 25 and2,800 mmof water per year, although 75% of the wheat grows between 375 and800 mm.  The optimal amount is 400-500 mm/ cycle.

•     Earth: the best soil for growth should be loose, deep, fertile and free from flooding, and have a pH between 6.0 and 7.5, in very acidic areas is difficult to achieve adequate growth.

The rotating crops sown in wheat is very beneficial for the soil because as most of the grass roots hair, helping to improve the structure thereof, and providing more aeration, permeability and moisture retention.

A crop of cotton in Armenia in 1930.

Agriculture in Armenia for 20 years in deep restructuring, due to a transition from a farming collective in an agriculture characterized by small farms .

TheArmeniahas 2.1 million hectares of agricultural land covering 72% of the area of the country.  Most of these lands are pastures of mountain while arable land covers 480,000 hectares (452,900 hectares of arable land, 27,300 hectares of orchards and vineyards ), or 16% of the area of the country. In 2006, 46% of the workforce was employed in the agriculture (against 26% in 1991) which contributed to 21% of GDP.  In 1991,Armeniaimported about 65% of its food.

In 1990, theArmenian Soviet Socialist Republicbecame the first Soviet republic to adopt a law of privatization of land, and therefore it has implemented this reform more quickly than other former Soviet republics. However, the speed and the disruption of consolidation have led to land disputes and discontent of some farmers receiving land. The main issues were the allocation of water rights and distribution of basic materials and equipment. n addition, company’s agribusiness such as the present in food processing and in greenhouse crops often remained in the hands of the State, which has reduced the extent of privatization.

Privatization has quickly eliminated the collective agriculture and state farms , which had dominated during the Soviet period. In 1992, privatization had reached 63% of cultivated fields, 80% of orchards, vineyards and 91% for distribution mainly of family farms.  In 2006, these family farms accounted for 98% of agricultural production.

The privatization program has resulted in a rapid increase in 15% of the gross agricultural output between 1990 and 1991. Agricultural growth has continued, and in 2006 agricultural production was greater than 75% over 1990. The growth of agriculture is unique among the former Soviet republics. In 1993, the government put an end to restrictions on transfers of private land, thereby substantially increasing the average size of plots private, which was previously limited.  At the end of 1993, 300,000 small farms of 1 to 5 hectares were in use.

Agriculture is mainly practiced in the valleys while the mountains and rugged terrain ofArmeniaare usually vested in the grazing of livestock. With irrigation, figs, and pomegranates, and apricots, and olives are also grown in the subtropical valley of the river Araxes and in the valleys north ofYerevan, where the most fertile farmland in the country.Armeniaalso produces peaches, and nuts, and quince, and its cognac enjoys a good reputation.

The irrigation is necessary for most crops, and construction of canals and irrigation systems were among the first major projects of theSovietRepublicin the 1920s.  In the 1960s, arable land had been increased by 20% compared to the pre-Soviet. Most farms had electricity since the early 1960s, and the machines were common at that time. In the Soviet era, women made up the majority of the agricultural labor force, because a significant number of young men had migrated to urban centers throughout the various campaigns of industrialization. In 1989, farms were operating with about 13,400 tractors and 1,900 combine harvesters. Unlike other countries in the CIS,Armeniahas not declined too much of its agricultural engine during privatization, and in 2006 there were 14,600 tractors and 1,700 combine harvesters.

The main agricultural products are cereals such as wheat or barley, and potatoes, the vegetables, the fruits and grapes for table and wine. In 2006, Armenia has produced 212 500 tones of cereals, 539,500 tons of potatoes, 915,000 tons of vegetables, 286,000 tons of fruit, 201,400 tons of grapes.  These figures except those for cereals are rising significantly from 1989, when Armenia was producing 200 000 tones of cereals, 266,000 tons of potatoes, 485,000 tons of vegetables, 170,000 tons of fruit, and 119 000 tones of grapes. Livestock production in 2006 reached 66 800 tons of meat (slaughter weight), 620 000 tones of milk, and 464 million eggs. The numbers of livestock production in 1989 were 105 000 tons of meat, 491,000 tons of milk and 561,000 tons of eggs.

 The ISO code is YER.

Even before the unification ofYemen, there were two in NorthYemen(the Kingdom ofYemen, and from1962 intheYemenArabRepublic), the (North Yemen) Riyal (YER) as currency.  InSouth Yemen( Protectorate of South Arabia , South Arabian Federation , then People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen ) was the currency of South Yemeni dinar (YDD).

 The North Yemeni rial was first divided into 40 Buqsha, 80 or 160 Halala Zalate.  From 1  April 1975 was divided into 100 fils 1 Rial [1]

 After the unification of Yemen Rial 1990, was adopted as the common currency, the ISO currency code YER remained there.  The dinar remained in the south alongside the official currency Rial until 1996.

 In March 1990, was a .174 Rial DM value [2] , a South Yemeni dinar equivalent to DM5.19 ayear earlier from 1990 to 1996, the exchange rate between two currencies 1 dinar = 26 riyals.

 The currency abbreviation for the UAE dirham to ISO 4217 is AED.  Other common abbreviations are words, and rarely Dhs DM

 The name of the currency ( Dirham ) is derived from the Greek drachma.

 Currently, there are considerations, the dirham by a common currency of theGulf statesto replace.

Coins are in denominations of 1 Dirham and 5, 10, 25 and 50 fils.  100 fils give a dirham.  The 5 – and 10-fils coins are copper-colored, the 25 – and 50-Fils-and-one-dirham coins are silver.  The numbers on the coin, in Indian numbers indicated on the Münztext Arabic .  The 1 fils coin is no longer used in payment transactions.  The 5 – and 10-fils coins play a minor role in everyday life, all amounts to the nearest 25-Fils-level rounded up or down.  Sometimes dealers refuse to accept these small denominations (5 and 10 fils) from.  There is still confusion in the individual case with the coins of the previous series, as the old 50 fils coin in use today and the one-dirham coin have nearly the same dimensions.

In August 2006, was publicly known [1] that the one-dirham coin the same size and weight of a Philippine one-peso coin has.  This allows for parking ticket-vending machines and for a fraction (1 PHP are about 7 fils) of the price of parking tickets printed and beverages are purchased.

Notes , there are 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 dirhams.  The front is in Arabic (with numbers in Indian typography ), labeled on the back of English (with numbers in European typography ).  The pressure of the 200-dirham notes were adjusted 1989th  Since 27  May 2008 will be issued new 200-dirham notes [2] .  These have a different color (yellow-brown instead of green-brown) and are equipped with the latest safety features.

With the U.S. dollar since the end of the 1980s is a solid, state-fixed exchange rate of 3.6725 dirhams for 1 dollar.  This bond was fixed atU.S.$ recently discussed repeatedly, since it leads to a strong current undervaluation of the AED.  Moreover, a significant proportion of the imports are paid in euros, which further accelerates the already considerable inflation.

The pictures shown here of all bills are under the copyright of the National Bank of the United Arab Emirates.

Before the First World War ,Syriawas part of theOttoman Empireand the currency was the lira .  Following the fall of the Empire, the currency in use became the Egyptian pound in 1918 .  In taking control of Syria and Lebanon , the French replaced the Egyptian pound to a new currency for both countries, the Syrian pound, fixed exchange rate with respect to the French franc at a rate of 20 francs per pound Syria.  In 1937 ,Syriabegan to mint its own currency, as detached from the Lebanese , although at first they were interchangeable.  For many years, however, that both currencies were separate, as shown by the fact that today the Syrian pound is 30 times stronger than the Lebanese.

Issued by the Central Bank of Syria (مصرف سورية المركزي, Màsraf Suriyya al-Markaz) on circulating coins of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 25 pounds, and notes 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1,000 pounds (the previous notes 5, 10 and 25 pounds have been replaced with coins).

The Riyal has always been the currency ofSaudi Arabiasince its inception as a state, and even before it was Hidjaz , a member of the kingdoms.  The Riyal’s Hidjaz originally equivalent to the currency Ottoman 20 piasters and, consequently, was subdivided into 20 piastres or quruix (قروش; singular qirx, قرش), each of which was divided in 40 stops.

 Nevertheless, the Saudi riyal was equal to the s. of Maria Theresa , who had more value as equivalent to 22 piastres Ottoman.  Thus, the Saudi currency was originally subdivided into 22 quruix until, in 1960 , is divided into 20 quruix, as was previously the Hidjaz Riyal.  Finally, 1963 saw the decimalització Riyal currency and became subdivided into 100 lalat valgus.  However, the current Saudi coins still bear the valgus lalat also quruix value.

Issued by the Monetary Authority of Saudi Arabia (مؤسسة النقد العربي السعودي Muàssassat Naqd al-Arabi al-as-Arabia), in circulating coins of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 lalat valgus, and notes of 1 , 5, 10, 50, 100 and 500 riyals.  They also issued 20 tickets and 200 riyals to commemorate the centenary of the realm .

  Until 1966 ,Qatarused as currency in the Indian rupee in the form of the Gulf rupee .  When the Indian rupee was devalued in 1966,Qatar, along with other states that used the Gulf rupee, decided to institute a currency itself.  For a brief time it adopted the Saudi riyal , replaced shortly after by theQatarandDubairiyal .  The Saudi riyal was worth 1.065 rupees, while theQatarandDubairupee equivalent to the pre-devaluation.  In 1973 , when the emirate ofDubaijoined the federation of the UAE ,Qataradopted theQatarand Dubai Riyal and the rest of the UAE dirham UAE .

 Issued by the Central Bank ofQatar(مصرف قطر المركزي, Màsraf Qatar Al-Markaz) on circulating coins of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 dirhams, and notes of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 500 riyals .

 It has a fixed exchange rate with respect to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 2.6008 dollars per rial.  Based on current exchange rates, is the third highest value of currency in the world, after the Kuwaiti lunch and dinner inBahrain.

 It was adopted in 1973 to replace saïdita ness (not to be confused with Saudi Riyal ) in terms peer (1 = 1).  The change was due to a change of regime in 1970 , when the name was moved from the old Muscat and Oman Sultanate ofOmanto the present.  Indeed, in 1970, the rial saïdita had replaced the Gulf rupee at a rate of 13 1 / 3 rupees per rial, which had become the official currency ofMuscat and Omanin 1959 , replacing the Indian rupee (the coast) and s. of Maria Theresa (inside).

 Issued by the Central Bank of Oman (البنك المركزي العماني, Al-Bank al-Markaz al-Uman) in circulating coins of 5, 10, 25 and 50 baisa (for a time also drove 100 baisa d ¼ and ½ rials), and notes 100 and 200 baisa and ½, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 rials.

Before the First World War ,Lebanonwas used in the lira ottoman .  Following the fall of theOttoman Empire, the currency in use became the Egyptian pound in 1918 .  In taking control ofSyriaandLebanon, the French replaced the Egyptian pound to a new currency for both countries, the Syrian pound , fixed exchange rate with respect to the French franc .  In 1937 ,Lebanonbegan to mint its own currency, but linked to the French franc and interchangeable with Syrian money.  In 1941 , the French defeat under the German Nazi , the currency came to depend, in terms of exchange of the pound sterling following the invasion ofLebanonby the allied forces.  By obtaining independence in 1943 ,Lebanonreached a monetary agreement withFrancein 1948 to definitely separate the Lebanese pound of his ties to the French franc unstable.

Issued by the Bank of Lebanon (مصرف لبنان, Màsraf Lubnan) on circulating coins of 50, 100, 250 and 500 pounds, and notes of 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000 and 100,000 pounds.

 Both coins and banknotes are inscriptions in Arabic and French , a legacy of past colonial language in which the pound is called livre.